Author: taetaehoho
Compiled by: TechFlow
L1 premium, moneyness, xREV/TEV… Do these concepts really exist?
Special thanks to @smyyguy and @purplepill3m for reviewing and providing feedback on this article.
If you are not familiar with REV, you can read this article by @jon_charb.
The following multiples are based on valuation data as of 12:00 noon (ET) on October 30, 2024.
L2’s profit is its revenue (including base fees and priority fees) minus on-chain operating costs (such as L1 data calls, blobs, and verification costs). Arbitrum, Optimism, Zksync, and Scroll have data for the past twelve months, while Blast only has three quarters of data (which makes its multiples inflated compared to other projects). ETH and Solana also have data for the past twelve months.
A few notes:
- REV and L2 revenue are comparable metrics. L2 revenue is revenue before operator costs (sequencer costs), similar to REV.
- L2’s DAO distributed a large number of tokens in the Token Generation Event (TGE). A portion of L2’s fully diluted valuation (FDV) can be attributed to governance value that is not present in L1 tokens. Therefore, we mentally adjust L2’s multiple upwards but do not make this adjustment when discussing our observations.
A few direct observations:
- In terms of fully diluted valuation (FDV), there is no obvious "L1 premium", but most L2s are not yet fully circulated. However, in market capitalization comparisons, there is indeed an "L1 premium". (Arbitrum and OP have FDV/L2 revenue of about 100-250, while Ethereum and Solana have FDV/REV of about 118-140).
- Optimism trades at significantly higher multiples than other comparable projects. Investors appear optimistic about its collective expansion.
- Through collective profit sharing (i.e. 15% of sorter revenue and 2% of profit), the DAO has netted more than the OP’s L2 revenue so far in Q4. The collective strategy is successful in terms of total value accumulated to the treasury. Considering Base alone has contributed ~$9 million to the collective treasury, large-scale revenue sharing grants in the future are a good bet.
- Limiting blockspace has nothing to do with increasing revenue. Arbitrum has a median fee of ~$10 at peak liquidation time, yet its L2 profit is lower than Base.
- Token buyers are not pricing in Scroll’s growth (market cap is 3x L2’s revenue).
- The L1 verification costs of ZKPs have temporarily reduced the profitability of Zk rollups. Currently, we have not seen the cost savings of state divergence passed on to users.
Please see the spreadsheet for details.
This brings me to a few questions:
- Does the monetary premium really exist? Or, will L2s have the same valuation when the on-chain activity is the same?
- Does ETH really have a sovereign premium (SOV) compared to Solana? (Ethereum’s REV is mostly concentrated in Q1 and Q2 of 2024, is this premium noticeable if only comparing the most recent quarters?)
