PANews reported on December 18 that according to Bloomberg, Deutsche Bank launched a Layer 2 solution to address the compliance challenges faced by financial institutions when using public blockchains, such as the unknown identity of transaction validators, the flow of fees to sanctioned entities, and the risk of hard forks. As part of the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) Project Guardian, the bank tested the Ethereum-based Project Dama 2 platform in November, using ZKsync technology, developed in cooperation with Memento Blockchain Pte. and Interop Labs, to achieve more efficient and low-cost asset service transactions. Layer 2 allows banks to customize the list of validators and provide regulators with "super administrator privileges" to review the flow of funds when necessary, while reducing reliance on Layer 1 transaction records. The project is expected to be officially launched next year after obtaining regulatory approval, providing security for regulated banks to explore the potential of public blockchains.